Paul Tillich’s Theological Method of Correlation Essay

Assignment on: Paul Tillich’s Theological Method of Correlation Submitted to: Dr. Samuel George Submitted by: Sunil K. Rajan, M. Div. – III ------------------------------------------------- Date: November 10, 2011 1.0. Introduction Paul Tillich (1886-1965) was a major figure in twentieth-century theology. After holding several academic posts in Germany, he and his family moved to the United States in November 1933. He subsequently held teaching positions at Union Theological Seminary, Harvard Divinity School, and the University of Chicago Divinity School. The author of several well-known books, he is possibly best remembered for his three-volume Systematic Theology. The present paper is an attempt to give a summary of Tillich’s†¦show more content†¦Accordingly, he organizes his Systematic Theology into five parts. In each part a major biblical religious symbol is correlated as â€Å"answer† to a major human question as expressed by modern culture. Part I correlates the symbol â€Å"Logos† with modern culture’s form of the skeptical question: â€Å"How can we know with certainty any humanly important truth?† Part II correlates the symbol â€Å"God as Creator† wi th modern culture’s expressions of the question of finitude: â€Å"How can we withstand the destructive forces that threaten to disintegrate our lives?† Part III correlates the symbol â€Å"Jesus as the Christ† with modern culture’s secular expressions of the question of estrangement: â€Å"How can we find healing of the alienation we experience from ourselves and from our neighbors?† Part IV correlates the symbol â€Å"Spirit† with modern culture’s expressions of the question of ambiguity: â€Å"How can our lives be authentic when our morality, religious practices, and cultural self-expressions are so thoroughly ambiguous?† And Part V correlates the symbol â€Å"Kingdom of God† with the question: â€Å"Has history any meaning?† 1.2. Evaluation Tillich’s existential diagnosis of the predicament of modern man leads him to formulate a norm for theology which isn’t any more convincing than the norms he dismisses. This observation leads back again to Tillich’s method of correlation. This method, he says, â€Å"explainsShow MoreRelatedThe Theology Of Paul Tillich2960 Words   |  12 Pagestheology of Paul Tillich. He developed his ideas as a rhetorical response to feeling of separation and existentialism, which shaped by life events. One of his most bewildering statements is recorded â€Å"God does not exist.† To most this seems that he had lost faith in God. One cannot clearly understand Tillich without understanding his ontology. Tillich s theology is also significantly influenced by larger historical events such as the first and second world wars. The Need for the Study Paul Tillich

Essay on The Desire to Die Suicide and Euthanasia in the...

Mrs. Jones, 78 years old, arrived in the emergency department (ED) via ambulance. She was alert and oriented, but was having episodes of lost consciousness. She was put on the cardiac monitor and her vital signs were obtained. Her cardiac rhythm was normal. Her vital signs were as follows: Temperature 97.3#176;F, Pulse 43, respirations 26, blood pressure 100/58 and O2 saturation of 94% on room air. Additionally, Mrs. Jones was vomiting and had 2 loose, incontinent stools. She was pale, cool to touch and diaphoretic. Auscultation of her lungs revealed expiratory wheezes. Her brother reported finding her in her living room on the couch. He reported that she was difficult to rouse, and becoming concerned, he called 911. Prior to the†¦show more content†¦A discussion of what to do then followed. Legally the ED staff could force treatment on her because emergency, life sustaining care does not require consent. This is true after a suicide even if the patient refuses care. But, the question was: Should they try to force care on this woman? If nothing was done she would most likely die, but there wasnt a lot that could be easily forced upon her without causing harm. How could you force her to drink the charcoal? When the crisis team arrived they went directly into the patients room. They tried to persuade her to accept treatment, but could not. The team decided to allow the brother to speak to her to see if he could persuade her. While the brother was speaking with Mrs. Jones, she lost consciousness. Poison control was again consulted and they recommended a stomach lavage and suctioning for the unconscious patient. This was performed. Blood was also drawn to check the levels of the various meds she had taken. The results of these tests showed dangerously high levels of Physostigmine, a cholinergic, and atropine was given to treat this toxicity. Mrs. Jones recovered from her attempted suicide and was admitted for observation. After several days on the medical surgical unit, she was stable and healthy enough to leave. But, her untreated depression and attempted suicide rose questions as to where she could be discharged to. Was it safe to allow Mrs. Jones to go home? Was it ethical to keep her from goingShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay Pro Euthanasia954 Words   |  4 PagesLee AP Language and composition Persuasive essay 6 October 2017 Euthanasia legalization The ultimate value of life depends upon awareness and the power of contemplation rather than upon mere survival. Aristotle Being one of the most fervid and controversial topic of all, euthanasia, also known as physician-assisted suicide, has initiated a very sensitive discussion on life and death under one’s ability to choose either side. Euthanasia is defined as a â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting theRead MoreThe Catholic View of Euthanasia Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesThe catholic view of euthanasia is that euthanasia is morally wrong. it has always been taught the importance of the commandement you shall not kill. The church has said that nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent person, whether a foetus or an embryo, an infant or an adult, an old person, or one suffering from an incurable disease, or a person who is dying. the church says any law permitting euthanasia is a unjust law. the catholic church does not acceptRead MoreEuthanasia in the United States2720 Words   |  11 PagesEuthanasia for the Elderly in the United States Hannah Pate An issue facing much of today’s elderly and terminally ill populations is that of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. Several countries, most notably the Netherlands, has legalized euthanasia and physician assisted suicide leading to what is now referred to as â€Å"death tourism†. People from across the world are traveling to place with legalized euthanasia, like the Netherlands, in order to end their lives through assisted suicideRead MoreWhy The Church Had Much Authority Over Ethical Issues1441 Words   |  6 Pages Moving towards the 12th century A.D., Christian views started to reinforce the Hippocratic Oath, and instilled an almost unanimous vote against euthanasia and PAS, which continued for approximately 500 years before being questioned again. These practices were viewed as inconsistent with a person’s responsibilities to God, and contra human goodness. Throughout the Middle Ages, many people saw life as God’s gift to humanity, and thus considered it sinful to be willing to end theirs. NonethelessRead MoreIs Euthanasia Immoral? Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesIs Euthanasia Immoral? 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The first is active euthanasia, which is someone other than the patient committing the action to end someone’sRead More Euthanasia Essay - Concerns About Euthanasia1278 Words   |  6 PagesFlorida have studied key characteristics of 69 patients whose suicides were assisted by Jack Kevorkian between 1990 and 1998. Their findings are published in the December 7 New England Journal of Medicine. Autopsies show that only 25 percent of Kevorkians clients were terminally ill when he helped them kill themselves. Seventy-two percent of the patients had had a recent decline in health status that may have precipitated the desire to die. However, no anatomical disease was confirmed at autopsyRead MoreAccording to the Oxford dictionary, euthanasia is defined as the painless killing of a patient800 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Oxford dictionary, euthanasia is defined as the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or an irreversible coma. Those in favor argue that this is done motivated by kindness and a desire to end suffering. Those against Euthanasia understand why those in favor of Euthanasia say it is ok to practice it, but one must understand that Euthanasia is contrary to the Hippocratic Oath. According to the Hippocratic Oath doctors should never, â€Å"give a deadlyRead MoreEssay The Physician-Assisted Suicide Argument985 Words   |  4 Pagesphysician-assisted-suicide, or PAS. Euthanasia and assisted suicide are interchangeable terms which both lead to the death of an individual. Voluntary PAS is a medical professional, usually a physician, who provides medication or other procedures with the intention of ending the patient’s life. Voluntary PAS is the administration of medicine with the explicit consent from the patient. In terms of this paper, we focus on voluntary physician-assisted suicide in the elderly, 65 and older. Assisted suicide raisesRead MoreEuthanasia Essay - Legalizing Physician Assisted Suicide2312 Words   |  10 PagesLegalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide in Australia First, it is essential to define euthanasia in order to resolve any misconceptions. Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma (Oxford dictionaries, 2014). It can be either passive or active however this essay will focus specifically on active euthanasia. Euthanasia is currently illegal in Australia, although it was briefly legal in the northern territory. This essay

Evolution and revolution as organizations grow - 757 Words

Evolution and revolution as organizations grow Growing organization move through 5 phases of development, each of which contains a relatively calm period of growth that ends with a management crisis. Each developmental phase is strongly influenced by the previous one. Thus by knowing an organization’s development history it is possible to be more prepared for the next developmental crisis. These crises can be used in order to achieve future growth. Evolution- long periods of growth with no major organizational problem Revolution- crisis periods, where companies need to find solutions to newly occurred organizational problems Phase1: Creativity This developmental phase is a period of evolution. At its birth stage an†¦show more content†¦This is when the second revolution occurs: the autonomy crisis: Lower-level employees find themselves restricted. They feel being torn between following procedures and taking initiative on their own. So lower level managers demand more autonomy. The solution adopted by many companies is to move toward greater delegation. Yet it is difficult for top managers to give up responsibility. And lower-level managers are not accustomed for making decisions for themselves. As a result many companies struggle during this revolutionary period, because many lower level employees leave the organization since they stick to centralized methods. Phase 3: Delegation The next evolution period evolves from the successful application of decentralized organization structure. Much greater responsibility is given to lower-level managers. Bonuses are used to stimulate motivation Top executives manage by exception based on periodic reports from the field Management focuses on new gains, which can be lined up beside other decentralized units However a serious problem eventually occur: the control crisis: when top executives feel that they are loosing control over a highly diversified field operation because of autonomous field managers. In order to move ahead companies need to find a new solution in the use of special coordination techniques. Phase 4: Coordination During this phase the evolutionary period occurs by the use of formal systems for acheveing greaterShow MoreRelatedEssay about Opthalamic Consultants of Boston and Bradford Shingleton852 Words   |  4 Pagesreputation in the industry, which is responsible for its growth so far. However, due to its structure, the continued growth of OCB is hinged on the collective growth of all its member practices. Currently, OCB lacks a general growth strategy for the organization as a whole. Also, there is no standardization of procedures across practices and the decision making process is too long. This causes ineffective allocation of resources and increases operating costs. Dr Shingleton’s Practice In order to maximizeRead MoreMiss Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: OCB CASE STUDY GEORGOPOULOU GALATEIA DATE: 20/1/2013 OCB is a company based around knowledge and its unique team of specialized doctors, trying to further grow in a new sector. Questions of its operational structure and future strategic decisions seem to arise, in its way to be sustainable in the long run. Dr. Bradford Shingleton, seems to be one of the most valuable assets of the the company, as his practice is the largest within the clinic, contributing the 10% of total revenuesRead MoreSociology1391 Words   |  6 Pagestheoretical views explaining the nature of human societies, focusing on the work of Gerhard Lenski, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim. II. Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology. Gerhard Lenski (Nolan Lenski, 2010) focuses on sociocultural evolution, the changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. 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This essay will begin by tracing the evolution of the market economy and the innovations that take place as a result of the great transformation. Finally, the paper will conclude by examining the worldviews individuals possess in the market society, and why the shiftRead MoreVasudhaiva Kutumbakam1628 Words   |  7 Pagesa cosmic organization. And it is an organization by the people, of the people and for the people. It is absolutely organic and existential. It is basically built on the very need of the existence. I strongly believe that the very need of the existence has to be the need of every individual. We are all here to fulfill that individual need and in turn fulfill the very need of the existence. We all in our lives have seen and come across many organizational structures. There are organizations that areRead MoreThe Early Modern Western Enlightenment1551 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement were directing the world towards progress and out of a long period of irrationality, superstition, and tyranny; which began during a historical period called the Dark Ages. Therefore, it provided a framework for the American and French Revolutions, as well as the rise of capitalism and the birth of socialism. Most of the ideas in the 18th century are common laws today; like freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the responsibilities of rulers to their people developed during this timeRead MoreOrganizational Growth1600 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent things to different organizations. How, then, is growth defined? How is it achieved? How does a company survive it? PHASES OF GROWTH A number of scholars and management theorists have developed models of how organizations change and grow. One such model is that of Larry E. Greiner, a management and organization professor at the University of Southern California. In his 1998 Harvard Business Review article entitled Evolution and Revolution as Organizations Grow, Greiner outlined five phasesRead More`` Utopia `` By Thomas More1493 Words   |  6 Pagessharing their products to others. Finally, our social norms strongly base on the regulation and structure, where the whole society can incorporate with each other and run smoothly. Our society will not be an ideal world as long as the community still grow and develop unequally. Specifically, in order to prevent the competition between citizens, Thomas More mentioned that the perfect community has to begin with same appearance for anyone. In particular, citizens in Utopia have â€Å"the same sort of clothes

Frankfurt Essay Example For Students

Frankfurt Essay Frankfurt am Main, city in west central Germany, in Hessen, a port on the Main River. It is a major manufacturing, financial, commercial, and transportation center, served by rail lines and the Rhine-Main Airport, the most important in Germany. Manufactures include machinery, electrical equipment, chemicals (notably in the Hchst district), pharmaceuticals, motor vehicles, clothing, and printed materials. International trade fairs, including the worlds largest annual book fair, are held in the city. Frankfurt is divided into an old town, or Altstadt, bordering the river, and a new town, or Neustadt, north of the older section. The old town, inhabited mainly by tradespeople and skilled artisans, retains many medieval characteristics. The new town contains the business quarter and the most important public buildings. A cluster of Gothic houses, the Rmer, was used as the town hall for nearly 500 years. It forms the nucleus of the Rmerberg, a square flanked by medieval houses of various dates. Other places of interest are the Leinwandhaus, or linen drapers hall, of the 14th century; the Eschenheimer Turm, a tower once part of the citys old fortifications; the palace of the princes of Thurn and Taxis, which was the meeting place of the diet of the German Confederation from 1816 to 1866; and the house (now a museum) where the German poet and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe spent his youth. The diarist Anne Frank was born in Frankfurt. The outstanding church of Frankfurt is the Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew. It was constructed in the 13th century on the site of a 9th-century church and was the seat of the elections of emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and, after 1562, of the imperial coronations. Also notable are Saint Pauls Church (18th-19th century), where the Frankfurt Parliament, the first German national assembly, met from 1848 to 1849; Saint Leonards Church (15th-16th century); and Saint Michaels Church (1953). Seven museums make up the Museum Embankment, a major construction project first planned in the late 1970s and completed only recently. The complex includes the Postal Museum and museums of applied arts, ethnography, cinema, architecture, sculpture, and European painting from the 14th century, as well as an art school and parks. Across the river but generally mentioned in conjunction with the embankment is the Jewish Museum. It was opened in 1988, on the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht (German for Ni ght of Broken Glass), a night of anti-Jewish rioting instigated by the Nazi party, and is located in the palace of the House of Rothschild, the famous family of Jewish financiers. The museum depicts the history of Jews in Germany from the Middle Ages to the present and focuses on Frankfurts Jewish ghetto. Also, the new Museum Judengasse (1992) displays preserved ruins of the Jewish ghetto as well. Another major museum in Frankfurt is the Senckenberg Museum, with a large collection on natural history, especially paleontology. The city also has a large zoo and a botanical garden and is the seat of a university (1914). Though the area was settled as early as the Stone Age, Frankfurt was probably established as a Roman settlement about the 1st century AD. In the late 8th century, it was referred to as Frankonovurd by Einhard, the biographer of Charlemagne. During Charlemagnes reign (800-814) a number of imperial councils were held in Frankfurt. The Golden Bull of 1356 established Frankfurt as the seat of the imperial elections, and it was made a free imperial city in 1372. About 1530 the city became an important stronghold of Protestantism. Upon the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, Frankfurt became subordinate to the confederation. It regained the status of a free city in 1815, and it was the unofficial capital of the confederation until 1866. In the same year, during the Seven Weeks War, Frankfurt was seized by Prussia. During World War II (1939-1945), the city was badly damaged by bombing, but it has since been rebuilt. In 1993 Frankfurt was chosen as the site of the European M onetary Institute, the European Union body that is the forerunner of the European Central Bank. Population (1997) 652,412. .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .postImageUrl , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:hover , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:visited , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:active { border:0!important; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:active , .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf7cfb4bc704b9a1cd866a2d588bcbd9f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Impact of the A380 Project on the Financial Performance of EADS EssayBibliography:Encartawww.frankfurt.de

Knights Essay Example For Students

Knights Essay Miah Thatcher4BKnightsIn the fourth century A.D. the Roman Empire fell and Europe was invaded by various barbarian tribes. One of the dominant groups was the Franks of central and western Europe, who gradually expanded their power until their leader Charlemagne became emperor of the West. Powerful local lords and their mounted warriors offered protection to peasants, who became their serfs in return. By the 11the century a new social order was formed my armored knights, who served a local lord, count, or duke, and were in turn served by serfs. We will write a custom essay on Knights specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When males were about seven, a boy of noble birth who was going to become a knight was usually sent away to a noblemans household, often that of his uncle or great lord, to be a page. Here he learned how to behave and how to ride. About 14, he was apprenticed to a knight whom he served as a squire. He was taught how to handle weapons and how to look after his masters armor and horses. He even went into battle with his knight, helping him put on his armor and assisting him if he was hurt or unhorsed. He learned how to shoot a bow and to carve meat for food. Successful squired were knighted when they were about 21 years old. Young men who wanted to be knights had to keep fit. So squires trained constantly to exercise their muscles, and improve their skills. They practiced with each other and also sometimes with their knightly masters.The main body armor worn my early knights was made of mail, consisting of many small, liked iron rings. During the 12th century, knights started to wear more mail. Their sleeves got longer, and mail leggings became popular. A padded garment called an aketon was also worn below the mail to absorb blows. In the 14th century knights added steel plated to protect their limbs, and the body was often protected further with a coat-of-plates, made of pieces of iron riveted to a cloth covering. A suit weighed about 44-55 lbs. And the weight was spread over the body so that a fit man could run, lie down, or mount his horse unaided in his armor. The only problem was that the armor quickly made you hot. By the 15th century, knights were protecting themselves with full suits of plate armor. The armors smooth surface deflected the edges and points of weapons. This reduced the impact of any blows but still allowed the armor to be made reasonably light. Plate armor was often made to imitate civilian fashions. Some armors were partly painted black, both to preserve the metal and as a decoration. Or armor could be blued by controlled heating of the metal. Some pieces were engraved with a pointed tool, and from the 16th century on, designs were often etched into the metal with acid. Gold plating, or gilding, was sometimes used to embellish borders or bands of decoration and in some cases, entire armors. People often think that plate armor is clumsy and stiff. But if it were, it would be little use on the battlefield. In fact, a man in armor can do just about anything a man can do when not wearing it. The secret lies in the way armorers made the plates so that they could move with each other and with the wearer. Some plates were attached to each other parts to pivot at that point. Others were joined by a sliding rivet, one part of which was set not in a round hole but in a slot, so the two plated could move in and out. .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .postImageUrl , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:hover , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:visited , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:active { border:0!important; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:active , .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856 .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u403fd9b4521f85849798ce8bf529a856:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mahatma Gandhi Essay Internal leather connecting straps, called leathers also allowed this type of movement. Tube-shaped plates could also have flanged edge , or projecting rim, to fit inside the edge of another tubular plate so that they could twist around. The sword was the most important knightly weapon, a symbol of knighthood itself. Until the late 13th century the double-edged cutting sword was used in battle. But as plate armor became popular, more pointed swords became popular because they were better for thrusting through gaps between the plates. The mace, which could concuss an opponent, also became more popular. Before drawing his sword or using his mace, however, a mounted knight usually charged at his opponent with his lance lowered. Lances increased in length during the medieval period and, from about 1300, began to be fitted with circular vamplates to guard the hand. Other weapons such as the short ax could be used on horseback, while long-staffed weapons, held in both hands, could be used on foot. The horse was an expensive but vital part of a knights equipment. Knights needed horses for warfare, hunting, jousting, traveling, and carrying baggage. The most costly animal was the destrier, or war-horse. This was a stallion about the size of a modern heavy hunter. Its deep chest gave it staying power yet it was also nimble. Knights prized war-horses from Italy, France, and Spain. In fact the Spanish Andalusian is more like a war-horse than any other modern kind is. By the 13th century, knights usually had at least two war-horses, plus other horses for different tasks. The courser was a swift hunting horse. For travel, knights often used a well-bred, easy-paced mount called a palfrey. Sumpter horses carried baggage. Richly decorated covering, or trapper, could be used to display heraldic arms and might be padded for extra protection. The Great Horse war-horse, wears armor on its head, neck, and chest, the latter partly covered in decorative cloth. Horse armor was expensive, and uncommon. If a knight could only afford part of the armor, he would usually choose the shaffron, the piece for the head. The shaffron probably came into use during the 12th century. Both pieces are decorated with etched and gilt bands depicting animals and mythical figures, The crinet flexes on sliding rivets and internal leathers. P. 28